The barbell row, when performed on a Smith machine, primarily targets the back muscles. This exercise engages the latissimus dorsi (lats), the large muscles of the back responsible for pulling movements, as well as the trapezius (traps) and rhomboids, which contribute to shoulder blade retraction and stability. Supporting muscles, such as the biceps, rear deltoids, and forearms, are also involved in the movement.
Using the Smith machine offers a guided path for the barbell, providing stability and allowing for a greater focus on targeted muscle engagement. This can be particularly beneficial for beginners learning proper form or individuals recovering from injuries. The controlled movement afforded by the Smith machine can also help to isolate the back muscles and minimize the involvement of stabilizing muscles, potentially leading to greater muscle hypertrophy. This guided movement has been a feature of weight training since the invention of the Smith machine in the early 20th century, providing a stable platform for various exercises.